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Structural properties of isolated early-type galaxies. The dependence of scaling relations on environment
Aims.In order to investigate whether gravitational interactions betweengalaxies are able to modify their structural properties, we determinethe Kormendy relation (KR) for a sample of isolated early-type galaxies(ETG) for which we have measured several photometric parameters. Thisrelation is compared with that obtained for a sample of ETG of the ComaCluster, and with that obtained for a sample of perturbed S0 galaxiescontained within high-density environments. Methods: Using very strictphysical isolation criteria we selected a sample of 82 E and S0 galaxiesfrom the CfA catalogue, in the redshift range 5000 km s-1≤ cz < 10 000 km s-1. We obtained the photometricparameters, (r_e, < SB_e>) and total magnitude for 21 galaxies inthe B filter and for 23 in the Gunn r filter. Results: The main resultwe obtained is that the KR is the same for isolated galaxies and forgalaxies in high-density environments or in interaction. In addition wefound evidence that the intrinsic dispersion of the KR depends on themagnitude range within which the galaxies are contained (largerdispersion for larger magnitude range), and not on the degree ofgravitational interaction to which these galaxies are subjected.Tables A.1, A.5, A.6 and Figs. B.2-B.9 are only available in electronicform at http://www.aanda.org
| Groups of Galaxies in the Two Micron All Sky Redshift Survey
We present the results of applying a percolation algorithm to theinitial release of the Two Micron All Sky Survey Extended SourceCatalog, using subsequently measured redshifts for almost all of thegalaxies with K<11.25 mag. This group catalog is based on the firstnear-IR all-sky flux-limited survey that is complete to|b|=5deg. We explore the dependence of the clustering on thelength and velocity scales involved. The paper describes a groupcatalog, complete to a limiting redshift of 104 kms-1, created by maximizing the number of groups containingthree or more members. A second catalog is also presented, created byrequiring a minimum density contrast of δρ/ρ>=80 toidentify groups. We identify known nearby clusters in the catalogs andcontrast the groups identified in the two catalogs. We examine andcompare the properties of the determined groups and verify that theresults are consistent with the UZC-SSRS2 and northern CfA redshiftsurvey group catalogs. The all-sky nature of the catalog will allow thedevelopment of a flow-field model based on the density field inferredfrom the estimated cluster masses.
| Central stellar populations of early-type galaxies in low-density environments
Following the pilot study of Kuntschner et al., we have investigated theproperties of a volume- and magnitude-limited (cz <10000kms-1, bJ < 16) sample of early-typegalaxies that were carefully selected from the Anglo-AustralianObservatory (AAO) two-degree field galaxy redshift survey (2dFGRS) tohave no more than one and five companions within 1 and 2Mpc,respectively. We used images from the Digital Sky Survey (DSS) toconfirm the E/S0 morphologies. We augmented this sample with fieldgalaxies from Colbert et al. selected as having no neighbour within 1Mpcand +/-1000kms-1. We present spectroscopic observations of 22galaxies from the combined sample, from which central velocitydispersions and the Lick stellar population indices were measured. Aftercarefully correcting the spectra for nebular emission, we derivedluminosity-weighted ages, metallicities and α-element abundanceratios. We compare these isolated galaxies with samples of early-typegalaxies in the Virgo and Coma clusters, and also with the previoussample of galaxies in low-density regions of Kuntschner et al. We findthat galaxies in low-density environments are younger and have a greaterspread of ages compared to cluster galaxies. They also show a widerrange of metallicities at a given velocity dispersion than clustergalaxies, which display only supersolar metallicities. On averagecluster, as well as, isolated galaxies show non-solar abundance ratiosin α elements, suggesting that, independent of galacticenvironment, star formation occurred on short time-scales. However, theabundance ratios for our low-density environment sample galaxies do notscale with the stellar velocity dispersion as observed in clusters. Infact we detect a large spread at a given velocity dispersion evenreaching solar abundance ratios. The metallicity of isolated early-typegalaxies is found to correlate weakly with σ. We reason thatearly-type galaxies in low-density environments experiencedmerging-induced star formation episodes over a longer and more recentperiod of time compared to a cluster environment, and speculate that aconsiderable fraction of their stars formed out of low-metallicity halogaseous material during the slow growth of a stellar disc betweenmerging events.
| The Optical and Near-Infrared Morphologies of Isolated Early-Type Galaxies
To study early-type galaxies in their simplest environments, we haveconstructed a well-defined sample of 30 isolated galaxies. The samplecontains all early-type galaxies listed in the Third Reference Catalogueof Bright Galaxies (RC3) with no other cataloged galaxy with a knownredshift lying within a projected radius of 1h-1100 Mpc and +/-1000 km s-1 (where weuse the recession velocities in the RC3). We have obtained optical andnear-infrared images of 23 of the galaxies and of a comparison sample of13 early-type galaxies in X-ray-detected poor groups of galaxies. Wehave applied the techniques of unsharp-masking, galaxy model division,and color maps to search for morphological features that might provideclues to the evolution of these galaxies. Evidence for dust features isfound in approximately 75% of both the isolated and group galaxies (17of 22 and 9 of 12, respectively). However, shells or tidal features aremuch more prevalent in our isolated sample than in our group sample (9of 22=41% vs. 1 of 12=8%, respectively). The isolation and colors ofthese shell galaxies make it unlikely that tidal interactions orasymmetric star formation are the causes of such features. One modelthat is not ruled out is that mergers produce the shells. If shells anddust are both merger signatures, the absence of shells in groupelliptical galaxies implies that shells (1) form more easily, (2) areyounger, and/or (3) are longer lived in isolated environments.
| The Southern Sky Redshift Survey
We report redshifts, magnitudes, and morphological classifications for5369 galaxies with m_B <= 15.5 and for 57 galaxies fainter than thislimit, in two regions covering a total of 1.70 sr in the southerncelestial hemisphere. The galaxy catalog is drawn primarily from thelist of nonstellar objects identified in the Hubble Space TelescopeGuide Star Catalog (GSC). The galaxies have positions accurate to ~1"and magnitudes with an rms scatter of ~0.3 mag. We compute magnitudes(m_SSRS2) from the relation between instrumental GSC magnitudes and thephotometry by Lauberts & Valentijn. From a comparison with CCDphotometry, we find that our system is homogeneous across the sky andcorresponds to magnitudes measured at the isophotal level ~26 magarcsec^-2. The precision of the radial velocities is ~40 km s^-1, andthe redshift survey is more than 99% complete to the m_SSRS2 = 15.5 maglimit. This sample is in the direction opposite that of the CfA2; incombination the two surveys provide an important database for studies ofthe properties of galaxies and their large-scale distribution in thenearby universe. Based on observations obtained at Cerro TololoInter-American Observatory, National Optical Astronomy Observatories,operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy,Inc., under cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation;Complejo Astronomico El Leoncito, operated under agreement between theConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas de laRepública Argentina and the National Universities of La Plata,Córdoba, and San Juan; the European Southern Observatory, LaSilla, Chile, partially under the bilateral ESO-ObservatórioNacional agreement; Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory;Laboratório Nacional de Astrofísica, Brazil; and the SouthAfrican Astronomical Observatory.
| The fundamental plane of early-type galaxies: stellar populations and mass-to-light ratio.
We analyse the residuals to the fundamental plane (FP) of ellipticalgalaxies as a function of stellar-population indicators; these are basedon the line-strength parameter Mg_2_ and on UBVRI broad-band colors, andare partly derived from new observations. The effect of the stellarpopulations accounts for approximately half the observed variation ofthe mass-to-light ratio responsible for the FP tilt. The residual tiltcan be explained by the contribution of two additional effects: thedependence of the rotational support, and possibly that of the spatialstructure, on the luminosity. We conclude to a constancy of thedynamical-to-stellar mass ratio. This probably extends to globularclusters as well, but the dominant factor would be here the luminositydependence of the structure rather than that of the stellar population.This result also implies a constancy of the fraction of dark matter overall the scalelength covered by stellar systems. Our compilation ofinternal stellar kinematics of galaxies is appended.
| The supergalactic plane redshift survey
Redshift measurements, about 1000 of which are new, are presented for1314 galaxies in a survey toward the apex of the large-scale streamingflow for ellipticals. The velocity histogram shows that the excess ingalaxy number counts in this area is due to a substantial concentrationof galaxies with discrete peaks at V about 3000 km/s and V about 4500km/s. After correction for the sampling function, the centroid of thedensity distribution is found to be near V about 4500 km/s.Normalization to the more extensive SSRS survey, which was selected bythe same criteria, shows that the region studied contains a considerableoverdensity of galaxies from 2000 to 6000 km/s. This result is in goodagreement with the 'great attractor' model suggested by Lynden-Bell etal. (1988) which attributes the peculiar motions of elliptical galaxiesover a large region of space to an extensive mass overdensity whichincludes the Hydra-Centaurus and Pavo-Indus superclusters. The centroidof the density enhancement is also consistent with new data by Dresslerand Faber (1990) of peculiar motions of elliptical and spiral galaxies,both of which show a zero crossing of the Hubble line at approximately4500-5000 km/s.
| A southern redshift survey. I - Accurate redshifts for 500 galaxies observed at SAAO
Radial velocities are presented for about 500 galaxies observed with anintensified Reticon photon-counting detector attached to the 1.9 mtelescope at the Sutherland field station of SAAO. The velocities weredetermined by cross correlation with standard velocity templates, fromthe measured wavelengths of emission lines, or from both techniques,with spectra covering the wavelength range from 3700 to 5400 A. Thefinal velocities appear to have the same zero point as H I radiovelocities, and have standard deviations of the order of 35 km/s, thoughcross-correlation velocities on their own may have significantly largererrors.
| The components of mid- and far-infrared emission from S0 and early-type shell galaxies
The IRAS database has been used to study detections of about 150early-type elliptical and S0 galaxies exhibiting a shell structure. Nostrong evidence for the expected enhancement of either star formationrates or heating of the interstellar medium is found. It is suggestedthat for some of the sample galaxies either a contribution from warmdust surrounding evolved stars or emission from an active nucleus may besignificant.
| The surface photometry catalogue of the ESO-Uppsala galaxies
Not Available
| Spectra of shell ellipticals - Redshifts, velocity dispersions and evidence for recent nuclear star formation
Nuclear spectra are presented for 100 of the galaxies in the Malin andCarter (1983) catalog. Redshifts and velocity dispersions are given forsome of the galaxies. It is found that about 10 percent of the samplegalaxies have colors, absolute magnitudes, and spectra characteristic ofthe poststarburst galaxies in high reshift clusters. It is suggestedthat the more distant poststarburst galaxies may have undergone mergeror accretion events.
| Radio emission from shell elliptical galaxies
A subset of the Malin & Carter catalogue of 'shell ellipticalgalaxies' has been surveyed at 20 and 6 cm with the VLA. Forty-two percent of the galaxies were detected, down to a 6-cm flux density limit ofabout 0.6 mJy. This detection rate does not differ significantly from anormal population of mixed elliptical and S0 galaxies. Most of the radiodetections, which are sources coincident with the galaxy nuclei, areunresolved by the C-array and so have angular sizes of less than 3arcsec. The sample contains objects with a wide variety of opticalappearances, suggesting that shell galaxies are not a homogenoeus classwith uniform physical characteristics.
| A catalog of elliptical galaxies with shells
We present a catalog of 137 elliptical galaxies south of -17 deg declination which exhibit shell or ripple features at large distances from the galaxy or in the outer envelope. Some of these galaxies show similar features in the inner envelope when suitable high resolution plate material is examined. Very few of the galaxies are associated with radio sources. We discuss the environment of shell galaxies, and the proportion of ellipticals which have these features. It appears that about half of the galaxies with shells are isolated and most of the rest are members of small groups. We discuss several individual examples which appear to be typical of this class of galaxy, and others which probably illustrate an evolutionary sequence.
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